Wen-Chung Kao

ORCID

Publication Activity (10 Years)

Years Active: 1995-2024
Publications (10 Years): 83

Top Venues

Publications

Wen-Chung Kao, Hsing-Hua Liu, Kai-Dun Hong, Yi-Fang Lee
Hardware Engine of Limbus Circle Matching for Visible-Spectrum Gaze Tracker. ICCE (2024)
Wen-Chung Kao
Stefan G. Mozar Received 2024 IEEE Richard M. Emberson Award. IEEE Consumer Electron. Mag. 13 (5) (2024)
Wen-Chung Kao, Yi-Cheng Hsu, Kai-Dun Hong, Ren-Xiang Ying
Color Electronic Paper with Front Light. ICCE (2024)
Xiqin Lu, Nobuo Funabiki, Kiyoshi Ueda, Wen-Chung Kao
Applications of Three Introductory C Programming Exercise Problems in Nihon University. ICCE-Taiwan (2023)
Khaing Hsu Wai, Nobuo Funabiki, Soe Thandar Aung, Xiqin Lu, Yanhui Jing, Htoo Htoo Sandi Kyaw, Wen-Chung Kao
Code Writing Problems for Basic Object-Oriented Programming Study in Java Programming Learning Assistant System. GCCE (2023)
Lynn Htet Aung, Nobuo Funabiki, Soe Thandar Aung, Xudong Zhou, Xu Xiang, Wen-Chung Kao
A Web-Based Docker Image Assistant Generation Tool for User-PC Computing System. Inf. 14 (6) (2023)
Chi-Mao Hung, Shu-Cheng Liu, Pei-Lin Tien, Wen-Chung Kao
Electronic Paper Driven with LCD Driver Chip. ICCE-Taiwan (2023)
Wen-Chung Kao
IEEE Consumer Technology Society and Its Prospects for the Postpandemic Era. IEEE Consumer Electron. Mag. 12 (1) (2023)
Chi-Mao Hung, Shu-Cheng Liu, Hsiao-Lung Cheng, Pei-Lin Tien, Wen-Chung Kao
Design of Timing Controller of Electronic Paper with Frame Buffer Reduction. ICCE-Taiwan (2023)
Wen-Chung Kao, Tsai-Ting Yen, Ji-Lun Ho
Hardware Architecture of Parallel Video Halftoning for Electronic Papers. ICCE-Taiwan (2023)
Xiqin Lu, Nobuo Funabiki, Soe Thandar Aung, Wen-Chung Kao
A Proposal of Constant Modification Problem for Beginners to Start Scratch Programming. ICCE-Berlin (2023)
Wen-Chung Kao, Kai-Dun Hong, Chao-Yi Hsu
Color Reproduction of Multi-Pigment Color Electronic Papers. ICCE (2023)
Wen-Chung Kao, Ren-Xiang Ying, Yi-Fang Lee
Head Motion Detection and Compensation for Visible-Spectrum Gaze Tracking Systems. ICCE (2023)
Khin Thet Mon, Huiyu Qi, Khaing Hsu Wai, Nobuo Funabiki, Wen-Chung Kao
A Study of Grammar-concept Understanding Problems for Web-client Programming. GCCE (2023)
Xiqin Lu, Nobuo Funabiki, Kiyoshi Ueda, Wen-Chung Kao
A Study of Two Types of Introductory Exercise Problems for Network Programming Learning with Python. ICCCM (2023)
Soe Thandar Aung, May Zin Htun, Nobuo Funabiki, Yan Watequlis Syaifudin, Wen-Chung Kao
A Study of Grammar-concept Understanding Problem for Web Server-Side JavaScript Programming Learning. ICCE-Taiwan (2023)
Wahab Almuhtadi, Wen-Chung Kao
New CTSoc Fellows 2023. IEEE Consumer Electron. Mag. 12 (2) (2023)
Yohanes Yohanie Fridelin Panduman, Nobuo Funabiki, Pradini Puspitaningayu, Minoru Kuribayashi, Sritrusta Sukaridhoto, Wen-Chung Kao
Design and Implementation of SEMAR IoT Server Platform with Applications. Sensors 22 (17) (2022)
Wen-Chung Kao, Ji-Lun Ho
Fast Video Halftoning for Electronic Papers. ICCE-TW (2022)
Pradini Puspitaningayu, Nobuo Funabiki, Yuan-Zhi Huo, Kazushi Hamazaki, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
A Fingerprint-Based Indoor Localization System Using IEEE 802.15.4 for Staying Room Detection. Int. J. Mob. Comput. Multim. Commun. 13 (1) (2022)
Abdul Rahman Patta, Nobuo Funabiki, Yan Watequlis Syaifudin, Wen-Chung Kao
An Investigation of Learning Outcomes Using Assignment without Guide Documents in Android Programming Learning Assistance System. ICCE-TW (2022)
Po-Yung Chou, Cheng-Hung Lin, Wen-Chung Kao, Yi-Fang Lee, Chen-Chien James Hsu
A Temporal Scores Network for Basketball Foul Classification. ICCE-Berlin (2022)
Khaing Hsu Wai, Nobuo Funabiki, Shune Lae Aung, Soe Thandar Aung, May Zin Htun, Yan Watequlis Syaifudin, Wen-Chung Kao
An Investigation of Code Modification Problem for Learning Server-side JavaScript Programming in Web Application System. GCCE (2022)
Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Nobuo Funabiki, Kwenga Ismael Munene, Sujan Chandra Roy, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
A Throughput Fairness Control Method for Concurrent Communications in Wireless Local-Area Network with Multiple Access-Points. J. Commun. 17 (8) (2022)
Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Nobuo Funabiki, Kwenga Ismael Munene, Sujan Chandra Roy, Minoru Kuribayashi, Melki Mario Gulo, Wen-Chung Kao
A Throughput Request Satisfaction Method for Concurrently Communicating Multiple Hosts in Wireless Local Area Network. Sensors 22 (22) (2022)
Shingo Yamaguchi, Wahab Almuhtadi, Jong-Moon Chung, Reinhard Möller, Wen-Chung Kao
IEEE Consumer Technology Society Awards Presented at ICCE 2022. IEEE Consumer Electron. Mag. 11 (2) (2022)
Po-Yung Chou, Cheng-Hung Lin, Wen-Chung Kao
A Novel Plug-in Module for Fine-Grained Visual Classification. CoRR (2022)
Shune Lae Aung, Nobuo Funabiki, San Haymar Shwe, Soe Thandar Aung, Wen-Chung Kao
An Implementation of Code Writing Problem Platform for Python Programming Learning Using Node.js. GCCE (2022)
Pradini Puspitaningayu, Nobuo Funabiki, Yuan-Zhi Huo, Kazushi Hamazaki, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
Application of Fingerprint-based Indoor Localization System Using IEEE 802.15.4 to Two-Floors Environment. LifeTech (2022)
Nobuo Funabiki, Xiqin Lu, San Hay Mar Shwe, Ei Ei Htet, Htoo Htoo Sandi Kyaw, Kiyoshi Ueda, Wen-Chung Kao
Applications of Grammar-Concept Understanding and Value Trace Problems to Novice Students for C Programming Learning. ICCE-TW (2021)
Hsin-Yang Chen, Yi-Peng Hsu, Wei-Te Chang, Ji-Lun Ho, Yi-Fang Lee, Wen-Chung Kao
Adaptive Color Calibration for Digital Cameras. ICCE-TW (2021)
Xiqin Lu, Huiyu Qi, Nobuo Funabiki, Soe Thandar Aung, Ei Ei Htet, Khin Sandar Lin, Wen-Chung Kao
Test Code Improvements for Code Writing Problem in Java Programming Assistant System. GCCE (2021)
Pradini Puspitaningayu, Nobuo Funabiki, Kazushi Hamazaki, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
Evaluations of Fingerprint-based Indoor Positioning System Using IEEE 802.15.4. ICCE-TW (2021)
Kwenga Ismael Munene, Nobuo Funabiki, Hendy Briantoro, Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Fatema Akhter, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
A Throughput Drop Estimation Model for Concurrent Communications under Partially Overlapping Channels without Channel Bonding and Its Application to Channel Assignment in IEEE 802.11n WLAN. IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst. (5) (2021)
San Hay Mar Shwe, Nobuo Funabiki, Yan Watequlis Syaifudin, Phyu Phyu Tar, Htoo Htoo Sandi Kyaw, Hnin Aye Thant, Wen-Chung Kao, Nandar Win Min, Thandar Myint, Ei Ei Htet
Value trace problems with assisting references for Python programming self-study. Int. J. Web Inf. Syst. 17 (4) (2021)
Yan Watequlis Syaifudin, Nobuo Funabiki, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
A Proposal of Advanced Widgets Learning Topic for Interactive Application in Android Programming Learning Assistance System. SN Comput. Sci. 2 (3) (2021)
Marvin Yen, Hao-Wei Li, Chun-Wei Shen, Ren-Xiang Ying, Wen-Chung Kao
Eye Movement Analysis for Consumer Devices. ICCE-TW (2021)
Wen-Chung Kao, Pei-Ting Cheng, Yi-Chin Chiu, Kuan-Jen Huang, Hsin-Yang Chen, Marvin Yen
Toward Free Head Motion for Visible-Spectrum Gaze Tracking Systems. ICCE (2021)
Hendy Briantoro, Nobuo Funabiki, Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Kwenga Ismael Munene, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
Joint Optimization Method of Channel Assignment and Transmission Power for Concurrently Communicating Multiple Access-Points in Wireless Local-Area Network. Int. J. Netw. Comput. 11 (2) (2021)
Wen-Chung Kao, Kuan-Jen Huang, Yi-Chin Chiu
Eyeball Model Construction with Head Movement Compensation for Gaze Tracking Systems. ICCE (2020)
Yan Watequlis Syaifudin, Nobuo Funabiki, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
A proposal of Android Programming Learning Assistant System with implementation of basic application learning. Int. J. Web Inf. Syst. 16 (1) (2020)
Hendy Briantoro, Nobuo Funabiki, Minoru Kuribayashi, Kwenga Ismael Munene, Rahardhita Widyatra Sudibyo, Md. Manowarul Islam, Wen-Chung Kao
Transmission Power Optimization of Concurrently Communicating Two Access Points in Wireless Local Area Network. Int. J. Mob. Comput. Multim. Commun. 11 (4) (2020)
Rahardhita Widyatra Sudibyo, Nobuo Funabiki, Minoru Kuribayashi, Kwenga Ismael Munene, Hendy Briantoro, Md. Manowarul Islam, Wen-Chung Kao
A Generalized TCP Fairness Control Method for Multiple-Host Concurrent Communications in Elastic WLAN System Using Raspberry Pi Access Point. Int. J. Mob. Comput. Multim. Commun. 11 (2) (2020)
Wen-Chung Kao, Shao-Ching Lin
Iris Region Matching for Visible-Spectrum Gaze Trackers. ICCE (2020)
Rahardhita Widyatra Sudibyo, Nobuo Funabiki, Kwenga Ismael Munene, Md. Manowarul Islam, Wen-Chung Kao
A Proposal of TCP Fairness Control Method for Multiple-Host Concurrent Communications in Wireless Local-Area Network. ICCE (2020)
Hendy Briantoro, Nobuo Funabiki, Kwenga Ismael Munene, Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Fatema Akhter, Wen-Chung Kao, Minoru Kuribayashi
A Generalization of Transmission Power Optimization Method for Concurrently Communicating Multiple Access-Points in Wireless Local-Area Network. CANDAR (Workshops) (2020)
Samsul Huda, Nobuo Funabiki, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
A Calligraphy Learning Assistant System with Letter Portion Practice Function Using Projection Mapping. ICCE (2020)
Ismael Munene Kwenga, Nobuo Funabiki, Rahardhita Widyatra Sudibyo, Hendy Briantoro, Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Wen-Chung Kao
A Study of Throughput-Drop Estimation Model for Concurrently Communicating Two Links without Channel Bonding in IEEE 802.11n Wireless Local-Area Network. ICCE-TW (2020)
Samsul Huda, Nobuo Funabiki, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
A proposal of calligraphy learning assistant system with letter portion practice function using projection mapping. Int. J. Web Inf. Syst. 16 (2) (2020)
Hendy Briantoro, Nobuo Funabiki, Kwenga Ismael Munene, Rahardhita Widyatra Sudibyo, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
A Proposal of Transmission Power Optimization Method for Concurrently Communicating Two Access-Points in Wireless Local-Area Network. ICCE-TW (2020)
Wen-Chung Kao, Shao-Ching Lin, Jyun-Yi Li, Yi-Chin Chiu, Kuan-Jen Huang
Head Motion Compensation for Visible-Spectrum Gaze Trackers. ISCT (2019)
Wen-Chung Kao, Jyun-Yi Li, Shao-Ching Lin, Yi-Chin Chiu
High Precision Canthus Alignment for Visible-Spectrum Gaze Tracking System. ICCE-TW (2019)
Manowarul Islam, Nobuo Funabiki, Mousumi Saha, Kwenga Ismael Munene, Rahardhita Widyatra Sudibyo, Wen-Chung Kao
An Improvement of Throughput Measurement Minimization Method for Access-Point Transmission Power Minimization in Wireless Local-Area Network. ICCE-TW (2019)
Htoo Htoo Sandi Kyaw, Nobuo Funabiki, Nobuya Ishihara, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
Web-Server Implementation of Code Completion Problem for Java Programming Learning Assistant System. ICCE-TW (2019)
Kyaw Soe Lwin, Nobuo Funabiki, Sumon Kumar Debnath, Kwenga Ismael Munene, Rahardhita Widyatra Sudibyo, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
Enhancements of minimax access-point setup optimisation approach for IEEE 802.11 WLAN. Int. J. Space Based Situated Comput. 9 (1) (2019)
Ei Ei Mon, Nobuo Funabiki, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
An Informative Test Code Approach in Code Writing Problem for Java Collections Framework in Java Programming Learning Assistant System. J. Softw. 14 (5) (2019)
Wen-Chung Kao, Wahab Almuhtadi
Report of IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Taiwan 2019. IEEE Consumer Electron. Mag. 8 (5) (2019)
Md. Manowarul Islam, Nobuo Funabiki, Rahardhita Widyatra Sudibyo, Kwenga Ismael Munene, Wen-Chung Kao
A dynamic access-point transmission power minimization method using PI feedback control in elastic WLAN system for IoT applications. Internet Things 8 (2019)
Mousumi Saha, Rahardhita Widyatra Sudibyo, Nobuo Funabiki, Minoru Kuribayashi, Sumon Kumar Debnath, Wen-Chung Kao
Throughput Measurement and Estimation Model for Concurrent Communications of Multiple Raspberry Pi Access-Points in Wireless Local-Area Network. J. Commun. 14 (11) (2019)
Chia-Ning Liao, Yu-Ching Huang, Yao-Ting Sung, Kuo-En Chang, Hsueh Chin Chen, Tzu-Chien Liu, Yen-Hua Chang, Wen-Chung Kao, Chin-Chung Tsai, Ming-Da Wu
Electronic Story Book Display Method and Kindergartener Reading Behavior: An Eye-Tracking Investigation. HCI (24) (2018)
Sumon Kumar Debnath, Nobuo Funabiki, Mousumi Saha, Md. Selim Al Mamun, Wen-Chung Kao
MIMO host location optimisation in active access-point configuration algorithm for elastic WLAN system. Int. J. Space Based Situated Comput. 8 (2) (2018)
Khin Khin Zaw, Nobuo Funabiki, Ei Ei Mon, Wen-Chung Kao
An Informative Test Code Approach for Studying Three Object-Oriented Programming Concepts by Code Writing Problem in Java Programming Learning Assistant System. GCCE (2018)
Kwenga Ismael Munene, Nobuo Funabiki, Minoru Kuribayashi, Rahardhita Widyatra Sudibyo, Wen-Chung Kao
A throughput estimation model under two-link concurrent communications with partially overlapping channels and its application to channel assignment in IEEE 802.11n WLAN. Int. J. Space Based Situated Comput. 8 (3) (2018)
Wen-Chung Kao, Yi-Chin Chiu
Eyeball Model Construction and Matching for Visible-Spectrum Gaze Tracking Systems. ICCE-Berlin (2018)
Kwenga Ismael Munene, Nobuo Funabiki, Rahardhita Widyatra Sudibyo, Wen-Chung Kao
A Throughput Drop Estimation Model for Two-Link Concurrent Communications with Partially Overlapping Channels in IEEE 802.11n WLAN. GCCE (2018)
Nobuo Funabiki, Khin Khin Zaw, Ei Ei Mon, Wen-Chung Kao
An Improved Informative Test Code Approach for Code Writing Problem in Java Programming Learning Assistant System. EIDWT (2018)
Wen-Chung Kao, Ming-Yang Hung, Jui-Che Tsai, Yi-Chin Chiu, Chun-Wei Shen
Binocular gaze tracker with head movement compensation. GCCE (2017)
Wen-Chung Kao, Yi-Chin Chiu
Hierarchical search of optimal limbus circle matching for gaze tracking systems. ICCE-Berlin (2017)
Nobuo Funabiki, Chihiro Taniguchi, Kyaw Soe Lwin, Khin Khin Zaw, Wen-Chung Kao
A Parameter Optimization Tool and Its Application to Throughput Estimation Model for Wireless LAN. CISIS (2017)
Nobuo Funabiki, Ryota Kusaka, Nobuya Ishihara, Wen-Chung Kao
File access extension of test code generation tool for Java programming learning assistant system. GCCE (2017)
Na Ta, Nobuo Funabiki, Khin Khin Zaw, Nobuya Ishihara, Shinpei Matsumoto, Wen-Chung Kao
A fill-in-blank problem workbook for Java programming learning assistant system. Int. J. Web Inf. Syst. 13 (2) (2017)
Nobuya Ishihara, Nobuo Funabiki, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
A Proposal of Software Architecture for Java Programming Learning Assistant System. AINA (2017)
Md. Selim Al Mamun, Nobuo Funabiki, Kyaw Soe Lwin, Md. Ezharul Islam, Wen-Chung Kao
A Channel Assignment Extension of Active Access-Point Configuration Algorithm for Elastic WLAN System and Its Implementation Using Raspberry Pi. Int. J. Netw. Comput. 7 (2) (2017)
Kyaw Soe Lwin, Nobuo Funabiki, Chihiro Taniguchi, Khin Khin Zaw, Md. Selim Al Mamun, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
A Minimax Approach for Access Point Setup Optimization in IEEE 802.11n Wireless Networks. Int. J. Netw. Comput. 7 (2) (2017)
Nobuo Funabiki, Ryota Kusaka, Nobuya Ishihara, Wen-Chung Kao
A Proposal of Test Code Generation Tool for Java Programming Learning Assistant System. AINA (2017)
Chiang-Heng Chien, Chen-Chien J. Hsu, Wei-Yen Wang, Wen-Chung Kao, Chiang-Ju Chien
Global localization of Monte Carlo localization based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization. ICCE-Berlin (2016)
Chiang-Heng Chien, Chen-Chien J. Hsu, Wei-Yen Wang, Wen-Chung Kao, Chiang-Ju Chien
FPGA-implemented corner feature extracting simultaneous localization and mapping. ICCE-Berlin (2016)
Nobuo Funabiki, Takuya Ogawa, Nobuya Ishihara, Minoru Kuribayashi, Wen-Chung Kao
A Proposal of Coding Rule Learning Function in Java Programming Learning Assistant System. CISIS (2016)
Nobuo Funabiki, Minako Dake, Khin Khin Zaw, Wen-Chung Kao
A Workbook Design for Fill-in-Blank Problems in Java Programming Learning Assistant System. BWCCA (2016)
Nobuo Funabiki, Hiroki Masaoka, Nobuya Ishihara, I-Wei Lai, Wen-Chung Kao
Offline answering function for fill-in-blank problems in Java Programming Learning Assistant System. ICCE-TW (2016)
Nobuo Funabiki, Tana, Nobuya Ishihara, Wen-Chung Kao
Analysis of fill-in-blank problem solution results in Java programming course. GCCE (2016)
Wen-Chung Kao, Chun-Yi Lin, Chen-Chien J. Hsu, Chia-Yi Lee, Bai-Yueh Ke, Ting-Yi Su
Optimal iris region matching and gaze point calibration for real-time eye tracking systems. ICCE (2016)
Chiang-Heng Chien, Chen-Chien James Hsu, Wei-Yen Wang, Wen-Chung Kao, Chiang-Ju Chien
New solutions to the premature convergence problem in Monte Carlo localization. ICCE-Berlin (2016)
Tana, Nobuo Funabiki, Nobuya Ishihara, Wen-Chung Kao
Correlation analysis of fill-in-blank problem solutions to final programming results in Java programming course. GCCE (2015)
Chiang-Heng Chien, Chen-Chien James Hsu, Wei-Yen Wang, Wen-Chung Kao
Mechanism for preventing premature convergence in robot localization. ICCE-Berlin (2015)
Nobuo Funabiki, Yusuke Asai, Yuuki Aoyagi, Wen-Chung Kao
A Worker Implementation on Windows OS for User-PC Computing System. CANDAR (2015)
Nobuya Ishihara, Nobuo Funabiki, Tana, Wen-Chung Kao
An extension of statement fill-in-blank problem in Java programming learning assistant system. GCCE (2015)
Wen-Chung Kao, Chien-Hui Liu
Driving waveform design for playing animations on electronic papers. ICCE (2015)
Chen-Chien J. Hsu, Ru-Yu Hou, Wen-Chung Kao, Shih-An Li
FPGA-based path planning using improved Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm. ICCE-Berlin (2015)
Nobuo Funabiki, Shin Sasaki, Tana, Wen-Chung Kao
An operator fill-in-blank problem for algorithm understanding in Java programming learning assistant system. GCCE (2015)
Wen-Chung Kao, Chia-Yi Lee, Chun-Yi Lin, Ting-Yi Su, Bai-Yueh Ke, Chung-Yu Liao
Gaze tracking with particle swarm optimization. ISCE (2015)
I-Wei Lai, Wen-Chung Kao, Nobuo Funabiki
Cross-layer selective routing for active access-point minimization in wireless mesh network. ICCE-TW (2015)
Wen-Chung Kao, Sheng-Ju Wu, Wei-Te Chang
Gaze tracking for smart consumer electronics. ICCE (2014)
Chen-Chien James Hsu, Wen-Chung Kao, Yung-Ching Chu, Shih-An Li, Wen-Ling Lin
Object tracking based on hardware/software co-design of particle filter and particle swarm optimization. ICCE-Berlin (2014)
Yin-Yu Lu, Chen-Chien J. Hsu, Hua-En Chang, Wen-Chung Kao
Robotic map building by fusing ICP and PSO algorithms. ICCE-Berlin (2014)
Taechan Kim, Wen-Chung Kao, Shingo Yamaguchi, Kazuyuki Kojima
The Technical Program of IEEE GCCE 2013 [Conference Reports]. IEEE Consumer Electron. Mag. 3 (1) (2014)
Wen-Chung Kao, Chien-Hui Liu
Real-time video signal processor for electrophoretic displays. ICCE-TW (2014)
Nobuo Funabiki, Takuya Nakamura, Wen-Chung Kao
A proposal of Javadoc hint function for Java Programming Learning Assistant System. GCCE (2014)
Wen-Chung Kao, Shao-Kang Huang
Digital image stabilization based on panning motion velocity analysis. ISCE (2013)
Graham M. Megson, José O. Cadenas, Robert Simon Sherratt, Pablo Huerta, Wen-Chung Kao
A Parallel Quantum Histogram Architecture. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs (7) (2013)

Wen-Chung Kao.css-eqlu8i{font-size:small;padding-left:4px;}

Publication Activity (10 Years)

Top Topics

Top Venues

Wen-Chung Kao