Emmanuel Trouvé

Publication Activity (10 Years)

Years Active: 1998-2024
Publications (10 Years): 37

Top Topics

Change Detection

Curvelet Transform

Displacement Field

Top Venues

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens.

IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett.

Publications

Matthieu Gallet, Abdourrahmane M. Atto, Fatima Karbou, Emmanuel Trouvé
Wet Snow Detection From Satellite SAR Images by Machine Learning With Physical Snowpack Model Labeling. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens. 17 (2024)
Antoine Bralet, Emmanuel Trouvé, Jocelyn Chanussot, Abdourrahmane M. Atto
ISSLIDE: A New InSAR Dataset for Slow SLIding Area DEtection With Machine Learning. IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett. 21 (2024)
Matthieu Gallet, Abdourrahmane M. Atto, Emmanuel Trouvé, Fatima Karbou
CNN Classification of Wet Snow by Physical Snowpack Model Labeling. IGARSS (2023)
Thu Trang Lê, Abdourrahmane M. Atto, Emmanuel Trouvé, Fatima Karbou
Deep Semantic Fusion of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Snow Products for Snow Monitoring in Mountainous Regions. IGARSS (2023)
Suvrat Kaushik, Matthieu Gallet, Yajing Yan, Abdourrahmane M. Atto, Ludovic Ravanel, Emmanuel Trouvé
Temporal Evolution of X and C Band Sar Backscattering In The Mont-Blanc Massif. IGARSS (2023)
Laurane Charrier, Yajing Yan, Elise Colin Koeniguer, Silvan Leinss, Emmanuel Trouvé
Extraction of Velocity Time Series With an Optimal Temporal Sampling From Displacement Observation Networks. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 60 (2022)
Antoine Bralet, Abdourrahmane M. Atto, Jocelyn Chanussot, Emmanuel Trouvé
Deep Learning of Radiometrical and Geometrical Sar Distorsions for Image Modality translations. ICIP (2022)
Suvat Kaushik, B. Cerino, Yajing Yan, Emmanuel Trouvé, Ludovic Ravanel, Florence Magnin
SAR Coherence Matrix as a Tool to Understand Behaviours of Ice Aprons. IGARSS (2022)
Suvrat Kaushik, Ludovic Ravanel, Florence Magnin, Emmanuel Trouvé, Yajing Yan
Ice Aprons in the Mont Blanc Massif (Western European Alps): Topographic Characteristics and Relations with Glaciers and Other Types of Perennial Surface Ice Features. Remote. Sens. 14 (21) (2022)
Laurane Charrier, Yajing Yan, Emmanuel Trouvé, Elise Colin Koeniguer, Jeremie Mouginot, Romain Millan
Fusion of Multitemporal Multisensor Velocities Using Temporal Closure of Fractions of Displacements. IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett. 19 (2022)
Abdourrahmane M. Atto, Rosie R. Bisset, Emmanuel Trouvé
Frames Learned by Prime Convolution Layers in a Deep Learning Framework. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks Learn. Syst. 32 (7) (2021)
Suvat Kaushik, Yajing Yan, Ludovic Ravanel, Florence Magnin, Emmanuel Trouvé
Visibility Analysis of Glaciers on Steep Slopes in the European ALPS Using Terrasar-X/PAZ Data. IGARSS (2021)
Laurane Charrier, Yajing Yan, Elise Colin Koeniguer, Emmanuel Trouvé
Fusion of Glacier Displacement Observations with Different Temporal Baselines. IGARSS (2021)
Guilhem Marsy, Flavien Vernier, Emmanuel Trouvé, Xavier Bodin, William Castaings, Andrea Walpersdorf, Emmanuel Malet, Blaise Girard
Temporal Consolidation Strategy for Ground-Based Image Displacement Time Series: Application to Glacier Monitoring. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens. 14 (2021)
Guilhem Marsy, Flavien Vernier, Xavier Bodin, William Castaings, Emmanuel Trouvé
Temporal Consolidation Strategy for Ground Based Image Displacement Time Series. IGARSS (2020)
Tuan Nguyen, Nicolas Méger, Christophe Rigotti, Catherine Pothier, Noel Gourmelen, Emmanuel Trouvé
A Pattern-Based Mining System for Exploring Displacement Field Time Series. ICDM Workshops (2019)
Rémi Prébet, Yajing Yan, Matthias Jauvin, Emmanuel Trouvé
A Data-Adaptive EOF-Based Method for Displacement Signal Retrieval From InSAR Displacement Measurement Time Series for Decorrelating Targets. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 57 (8) (2019)
Matthias Jauvin, Yajing Yan, Emmanuel Trouvé, Bénédicte Fruneau, Michel Gay, Blaise Girard
Integration of Corner Reflectors for the Monitoring of Mountain Glacier Areas with Sentinel-1 Time Series. Remote. Sens. 11 (8) (2019)
Tuan Nguyen, Nicolas Méger, Christophe Rigotti, Catherine Pothier, Emmanuel Trouvé, Noel Gourmelen, Jean-Louis Mugnier
A Pattern-Based Method For Handling Confidence Measures While Mining Satellite Displacement Field Time Series: Application to Greenland Ice Sheet and Alpine Glaciers. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens. 11 (11) (2018)
Tuan Nguyen, Nicolas Méger, Christophe Rigotti, Catherine Pothier, Emmanuel Trouvé, Jean-Louis Mugnier
Finding Complementary and Reliable Patterns in Displacement Field Time Series of Alpine Glaciers. IGARSS (2018)
Matthias Jauvin, Yajing Yan, Emmanuel Trouvé, Bénédicte Fruneau
Potential and Limits of Sentinel-1 Data for Small Alpine Glaciers Monitoring. IGARSS (2018)
Rémi Prébet, Yajing Yan, Matthias Jauvin, Emmanuel Trouvé
A Data-Adaptive Eof Based Method for Displacement Signal Extraction from Interferogram Time Series. IGARSS (2018)
Matthias Jauvin, Yajing Yan, Emmanuel Trouvé
Combined use of spaceborne SAR interferometry and in-situ measurements for glacier monitoring in mountain areas. CIVEMSA (2017)
Guillaume Terrasse, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Emmanuel Trouvé, Emeline Drouet
Application of the Curvelet Transform for Clutter and Noise Removal in GPR Data. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens. 10 (10) (2017)
Minh-Tan Pham, Grégoire Mercier, Emmanuel Trouvé, Sébastien Lefèvre
SAR image texture tracking using a pointwise graph-based model for glacier displacement measurement. IGARSS (2017)
Tuan Nguyen, Nicolas Méger, Christophe Rigotti, Catherine Pothier, Emmanuel Trouvé, Noel Gourmelen
Handling coherence measures of displacement field time series: Application to Greenland ice sheet glaciers. MultiTemp (2017)
Yajing Yan, Amaury Dehecq, Emmanuel Trouvé, Gilles Mauris, Noel Gourmelen, Flavien Vernier
An overview to remotely sensed displacement measurements fusion: Current status and challenges. IGARSS (2016)
Amaury Dehecq, Romain Millan, Etienne Berthier, Noel Gourmelen, Emmanuel Trouvé, Vincent Vionnet
Elevation Changes Inferred From TanDEM-X Data Over the Mont-Blanc Area: Impact of the X-Band Interferometric Bias. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens. 9 (8) (2016)
Guillaume Terrasse, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Emmanuel Trouvé, Emeline Drouet
Automatic localization of gas pipes from GPR imagery. EUSIPCO (2016)
Guillaume Terrasse, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Emmanuel Trouvé, Emeline Drouet
Sparse decomposition of the GPR useful signal from hyperbola dictionary. EUSIPCO (2016)
Emmanuel Trouvé, Grégoire Mercier, Mathieu Fauvel, Lorenzo Bruzonne, Yifang Ban
Foreword to the Special Issue on Analysis of Multitemporal Data and Applications. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens. 9 (8) (2016)
Abdourrahmane Mahamane Atto, Emmanuel Trouvé, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Thu Trang Le
Wavelet Operators and Multiplicative Observation Models - Application to SAR Image Time-Series Analysis. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 54 (11) (2016)
Youen Pericault, Catherine Pothier, Nicolas Méger, Christophe Rigotti, Flavien Vernier, Ha Thai Pham, Emmanuel Trouvé
A swap randomization approach for mining motion field time series over the Argentiere glacier. MultiTemp (2015)
Guillaume Terrasse, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Emmanuel Trouvé, Emeline Drouet
Application of the curvelet transform for pipe detection in GPR images. IGARSS (2015)
Romain Millan, Amaury Dehecq, Emmanuel Trouvé, Noel Gourmelen, Etienne Berthier
Elevation changes and X-band ice and snow penetration inferred from TanDEM-X data of the Mont-Blanc area. MultiTemp (2015)
Thu Trang Le, Abdourrahmane M. Atto, Emmanuel Trouvé
Change analysis of dual polarimetric Sentinel-1 SAR image time series using stationary wavelet transform and change detection matrix. MultiTemp (2015)
Thu Trang Le, Abdourrahmane M. Atto, Emmanuel Trouvé
Change analysis using multitemporal Sentinel-1 SAR images. IGARSS (2015)
Thu Trang Le, Abdourrahmane M. Atto, Emmanuel Trouvé, Jean-Marie Nicolas
Adaptive Multitemporal SAR Image Filtering Based on the Change Detection Matrix. IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett. 11 (10) (2014)
Amaury Dehecq, Emmanuel Trouvé, Noel Gourmelen
Determination of glacier velocities at a large spatial scale from optical satellite archives. IGARSS (2014)
Thu Trang Le, Abdourrahmane M. Atto, Emmanuel Trouvé
Adaptive multitemporal filtering of polarimetric SAR images. IGARSS (2014)
Fanny Ponton, Emmanuel Trouvé, Michel Gay, Andrea Walpersdorf, Renaud Fallourd, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Flavien Vernier, Jean-Louis Mugnier
Observation of the Argentière Glacier Flow Variability from 2009 to 2011 by TerraSAR-X and GPS Displacement Measurements. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens. 7 (8) (2014)
Fernanda L. G. Ramos, Fernando Pellon de Miranda, Emmanuel Trouvé, Luciana Soler
Urban subsidence as a local response of Amazonas river flooding observed by satellite SAR interferometry. IGARSS (2014)
Abdourrahmane M. Atto, Emmanuel Trouvé, Yannick Berthoumieu, Grégoire Mercier
Multidate Divergence Matrices for the Analysis of SAR Image Time Series. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 51 (4-1) (2013)
Yajing Yan, Laurent Ferro-Famil, Michel Gay, Renaud Fallourd, Emmanuel Trouvé, Flavien Vernier
Attempt of alpine glacier flow modeling based on correlation measurements of high resolution SAR images. IGARSS (2013)
Yajing Yan, Emmanuel Trouvé, Virginie Pinel
Fusion of prior information and multi-scales local frequencies to facilitate D-InSAR phase unwrapping. IGARSS (2012)
Jean-Marie Nicolas, Emmanuel Trouvé, Renaud Fallourd, Flavien Vernier, Florence Tupin, Olivier Harant, Michel Gay, Luc Moreau
A first comparison of Cosmo-SkyMed and TerraSAR-X data over Chamonix Mont-Blanc test-site. IGARSS (2012)
Flavien Vernier, Renaud Fallourd, Jean-Michel Friedt, Yajing Yan, Emmanuel Trouvé, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Luc Moreau
Glacier flow monitoring by digital camera and space-borne SAR images. IPTA (2012)
Yajing Yan, Marie-Pierre Doin, Penélope López-Quiroz, Florence Tupin, Bénédicte Fruneau, Virginie Pinel, Emmanuel Trouvé
Mexico City Subsidence Measured by InSAR Time Series: Joint Analysis Using PS and SBAS Approaches. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens. 5 (4) (2012)
Olivier Harant, Laurent Ferro-Famil, Michel Gay, Renaud Fallourd, Emmanuel Trouvé
Bootstrap method for maximum likelihood displacement estimation of glaciers surface. IGARSS (2012)
Yajing Yan, Gilles Mauris, Emmanuel Trouvé, Virginie Pinel
Fuzzy Uncertainty Representations of Coseismic Displacement Measurements Issued From SAR Imagery. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 61 (5) (2012)
Andreea Julea, Nicolas Méger, Christophe Rigotti, Emmanuel Trouvé, Romain Jolivet, Philippe Bolon
Efficient Spatio-temporal Mining of Satellite Image Time Series for Agricultural Monitoring. Trans. Mach. Learn. Data Min. 5 (1) (2012)
Abdourrahmane M. Atto, Grégoire Mercier, Thu Trang Le, Emmanuel Trouvé
Vector and matrix LP norms in polarimetric radar filtering. IGARSS (2012)
Andreea Julea, Fernanda Ledo, Nicolas Méger, Emmanuel Trouvé, Philippe Bolon, Christophe Rigotti, Renaud Fallourd, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Gabriel Vasile, Michel Gay, Olivier Harant, Laurent Ferro-Famil, Felicity Lodge
Polsar RADARSAT-2 Satellite Image Time Series mining over the Chamonix Mont-Blanc test site. IGARSS (2011)
Emmanuel Trouvé, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Laurent Ferro-Famil, Michel Gay, Virginie Pinel, Marie-Pierre Doin, Nicolas Méger, Cécile Lasserre, Gilles Mauris, Flavien Vernier, Renaud Fallourd, Yajing Yan, Olivier Harant, Romain Jolivet
EFIDIR : extraction et fusion d'informations pour la mesure de déplacements par imagerie radar. Traitement du Signal 28 (3-4) (2011)
Flavien Vernier, Renaud Fallourd, Jean-Michel Friedt, Yajing Yan, Emmanuel Trouvé, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Luc Moreau
Fast correlation technique for glacier flow monitoring by digital camera and space-borne SAR images. EURASIP J. Image Video Process. 2011 (2011)
Andreea Julea, Nicolas Méger, Philippe Bolon, Christophe Rigotti, Marie-Pierre Doin, Cécile Lasserre, Emmanuel Trouvé, Vasile Lazarescu
Unsupervised Spatiotemporal Mining of Satellite Image Time Series Using Grouped Frequent Sequential Patterns. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 49 (4) (2011)
Renaud Fallourd, Olivier Harant, Emmanuel Trouvé, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Michel Gay, Andrea Walpersdorf, Jean-Louis Mugnier, Jonathan Serafini, Diana Rosu, Lionel Bombrun, Gabriel Vasile, Nathalie Cotte, Flavien Vernier, Florence Tupin, Luc Moreau, Philippe Bolon
Monitoring Temperate Glacier Displacement by Multi-Temporal TerraSAR-X Images and Continuous GPS Measurements. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens. 4 (2) (2011)
Andreea Julea, Nicolas Méger, Christophe Rigotti, Emmanuel Trouvé, Philippe Bolon, Vasile Lazarescu
Mining Pixel Evolutions in Satellite Image Time Series for Agricultural Monitoring. ICDM (2011)
Yajing Yan, Emmanuel Trouvé, Amory Bisserier, Gilles Mauris, Sylvie Galichet, Virginie Pinel, Erwan Pathier
Assimilation of D-InSAR and sub-pixel image correlation displacement measurements for coseismic fault parameter estimation. IGARSS (2010)
Charles-Alban Deledalle, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Florence Tupin, Loïc Denis, Renaud Fallourd, Emmanuel Trouvé
Glaciermonitoring: Correlation versus texture tracking. IGARSS (2010)
Lavinia Darlea, Sylvie Galichet, Lionel Valet, Gabriel Vasile, Emmanuel Trouvé
Learning gradual rules to model convex polygon-shaped classes. FUZZ-IEEE (2010)
Andreea Julea, Nicolas Méger, Christophe Rigotti, Marie-Pierre Doin, Cécile Lasserre, Emmanuel Trouvé, Philippe Bolon, Vasile Lazarescu
Extraction of frequent grouped sequential patterns from Satellite Image Time Series. IGARSS (2010)
Ivan Pétillot, Emmanuel Trouvé, Philippe Bolon, Andreea Julea, Yajing Yan, Michel Gay, Jean-Michel Vanpe
Radar-Coding and Geocoding Lookup Tables for the Fusion of GIS and SAR Data in Mountain Areas. IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett. 7 (2) (2010)
Lionel Bombrun, Michel Gay, Emmanuel Trouvé, Gabriel Vasile, Jérôme I. Mars
DEM Error Retrieval by Analyzing Time Series of Differential Interferograms. IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett. 6 (4) (2009)
Olivier Harant, Renaud Fallourd, Lionel Bombrun, Michel Gay, Emmanuel Trouvé, Gabriel Vasile, Jean-Marie Nicolas
Preliminary Terrasar-X Observations for Temperate Glaciers on the Chamonix Mont Blanc Test Site. IGARSS (2) (2009)
Gabriel Vasile, Jean Philippe Ovarlez, Frédéric Pascal, Celine Tison, Lionel Bombrun, Michel Gay, Emmanuel Trouvé
Normalized Coherency Matrix Estimation Under the SIRV Model. Alpine Glacier Polsar Data Analysis. IGARSS (1) (2008)
Vincent De Paul Onana, Jean-Paul Rudant, Emmanuel Trouvé, Gilles Mauris, Nadine T. Laporte, Wayne Walker
A Flood Hazard Risk Assessment Map in Growing Urban Areas by Integrating Remote Sensing and DEM Data. IGARSS (3) (2008)
Andreea Julea, Nicolas Méger, Emmanuel Trouvé, Philippe Bolon
On Extracting Evolutions from Satellite Image Time Series. IGARSS (5) (2008)
Gabriel Vasile, Emmanuel Trouvé, Ivan Pétillot, Philippe Bolon, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Michel Gay, Jocelyn Chanussot, Tania Landes, Pierre Grussenmeyer, Vasile Buzuloiu, Irena Hajnsek, Christian Andres, Martin Keller, Ralf Horn
High-Resolution SAR Interferometry: Estimation of Local Frequencies in the Context of Alpine Glaciers. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 46 (4) (2008)
Emmanuel Trouvé, Gabriel Vasile, Michel Gay, Lionel Bombrun, Pierre Grussenmeyer, Tania Landes, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Philippe Bolon, Ivan Pétillot, Andreea Julea, Lionel Valet, Jocelyn Chanussot, Mathieu Koehl
Combining Airborne Photographs and Spaceborne SAR Data to Monitor Temperate Glaciers: Potentials and Limits. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 45 (4) (2007)
Gabriel Vasile, Emmanuel Trouvé, Lionel Valet, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Lionel Bombrun, Michel Gay, Ivan Pétillot, Philippe Bolon, Vasile Buzuloiu
Coherent-stable scatterers detection in SAR multi-interferograms: Feature fuzzy fusion in Alpine glacier geophysical context. IGARSS (2007)
Tania Landes, Michel Gay, Emmanuel Trouvé, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Lionel Bombrun, Gabriel Vasile, Irena Hajnsek
Monitoring temperate glaciers by high resolution Pol-InSAR data: First analysis of Argentière E-SAR acquisitions and in-situ measurements. IGARSS (2007)
Gabriel Vasile, Emmanuel Trouvé, Jong-Sen Lee, Vasile Buzuloiu
Intensity-driven adaptive-neighborhood technique for polarimetric and interferometric SAR parameters estimation. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 44 (6) (2006)
Gabriel Vasile, Emmanuel Trouvé, Mihai Ciuc, Philippe Bolon, Vasile Buzuloiu
Intensity-driven-adaptive-neighborhood technique for POLSAR parameters estimation. IGARSS (2005)
Emmanuel Trouvé, Gabriel Vasile, Michel Gay, Pierre Grussenmeyer, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Tania Landes, Mathieu Koehl, Jocelyn Chanussot, Andreea Julea
Combining optical and SAR data to monitor temperate glaciers. IGARSS (2005)
Laurent Bousquet, Michel Gay, Benoit Legrésy, Gabriel Vasile, Emmanuel Trouvé
Velocities field of mountain glacier obtained by synthetic aperture radar interferometry. comparison of insar and surveyed velocities. IGARSS (2004)
Florentin T. Bujor, Emmanuel Trouvé, Lionel Valet, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Jean-Paul Rudant
Application of log-cumulants to the detection of spatiotemporal discontinuities in multitemporal SAR images. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 42 (10) (2004)
Gabriel Vasile, Emmanuel Trouvé, Mihai Ciuc, Philippe Bolon, Vasile Buzuloiu
Improving coherence estimation for high-resolution polarimetric SAR interferometry. IGARSS (2004)
Yoann Chambenoit, Emmanuel Trouvé, Nicolas Classeau, Jean-Paul Rudant, Philippe Bolon
Different fusion strategies to detect geographical objects by active contours in multitemporal SAR images. IGARSS (2004)
Vincent De Paul Onana, Emmanuel Trouvé, Gilles Mauris, Jean-Paul Rudant
Information fusion approach for the appraisal of hazard worsening factors using remote sensing data. IGARSS (2004)
Vincent De Paul Onana, Emmanuel Trouvé, Gilles Mauris, Jean-Paul Rudant, Pierre-Louis Frison
Change detection in urban context with multitemporal ERS-SAR images by using data fusion approach. IGARSS (2003)
Yoann Chambenoit, Nicolas Classeau, Emmanuel Trouvé, Jean-Paul Rudant
Performance assessment of multitemporal SAR images' visual interpretation. IGARSS (2003)
Florentin T. Bujor, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Emmanuel Trouvé, Jean-Paul Rudant
Application of log-cumulants to change detection on multi-temporal SAR images. IGARSS (2003)
Vincent De Paul Onana, Emmanuel Trouvé, Gilles Mauris, Jean-Paul Rudant, Emmanuel Tonyé
Linear features extraction in rain forest context from interferometric SAR images by fusion of coherence and amplitude information. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 41 (11) (2003)
Emmanuel Trouvé, Yoann Chambenoit, Nicolas Classeau, Philippe Bolon
Statistical and operational performance assessment of multitemporal SAR image filtering. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 41 (11) (2003)
Florentin T. Bujor, Lionel Valet, Emmanuel Trouvé, Gilles Mauris, Philippe Bolon
An interactive fuzzy fusion system applied to change detection in SAR images. FUZZ-IEEE (2002)
Mihai Ciuc, Emmanuel Trouvé, Philippe Bolon, Vasile Buzuloiu
Amplitude-driven coherence filtering in complex interferograms. IGARSS (2002)
S. Stancu, Florentin T. Bujor, Emmanuel Trouvé, Gilles Mauris, Philippe Bolon, Jean-Paul Rudant
Improving feature extraction in satellite SAR images by an interactive fuzzy fusion of multi-temporal data. IGARSS (2002)
Emmanuel Trouvé, Jean-Marie Nicolas, Henri Maître
Improving phase unwrapping techniques by the use of local frequency estimates. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 36 (6) (1998)