Keyphrases
- traveling salesman problem
- ant colony optimization
- metaheuristic
- ant colony
- ant colony optimization algorithm
- combinatorial optimization problems
- combinatorial optimization
- swarm intelligence
- particle swarm optimization
- ant colonies
- ant colony algorithm
- optimization problems
- vehicle routing problem
- aco algorithm
- nature inspired
- aco algorithms
- path relinking
- minimum spanning tree
- hybrid algorithm
- pheromone trails
- previously reported
- benchmark instances
- traveling salesman