Keyphrases
- ant colony algorithm
- vehicle routing problem with time windows
- ant colony
- global optimization
- improved ant colony algorithm
- ant colony optimization
- mathematical model
- ant algorithm
- memetic algorithm
- vehicle routing problem
- tabu search
- ant colony optimization algorithm
- combinatorial optimization problems
- initial solution
- distribution network
- metaheuristic
- bp neural network
- ant colonies
- swarm intelligence
- partner selection
- bp algorithm
- artificial intelligence
- expert systems
- genetic algorithm
- real coded
- optimal solution