A trigger-substrate model for smiling during an automated formative quiz: engagement is the substrate, not frustration.
Harry J. WitchelHarry L. ClaxtonDaisy C. HolmesThomas T. RanjiJoe D. ChalkleyCarlos P. SantosCarina E. I. WestlingMichel F. ValstarMatt CeluszakPatrick FaganPublished in: ECCE (2018)
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